A Remarkable Beetle - Cambridge 3 Test 2 Reading Passage 1

This ‘a remarkable beetle’ topic appears in Cambridge 3 Test 2 Reading Passage 1. This passage comes under the academic reading module which contains 3 different types of questions such as yes/no/not given, diagram labelling, and table completion. Practice the question types and refer to the table below to know the answers for a remarkable beetle reading passage.

Answers

1. Not Given	6. South African	11. 2-5 // two to five
2. No	7. French	12. sub-tropical
3. Yes	8. Spanish	13. South African tunneling/ tunnelling/ tunneler/ tunneller
4. Yes	9. temperate
5. No	10. early spring NOT spring

A Remarkable Beetle

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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Reading Passage 1

More than 4,000 species of these remarkable creatures have evolved and adapted to the world’s different climates and the dung of its many animals. Australia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed.Some of the most remarkable beetles are the dung beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung’.

In the early 1960s George Bornemissza, then a scientist at the Australian Government’s premier research organisation, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced to Australia to control dung-breeding flies. Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary.

Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture.

The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.

Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.

For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long) is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a subtropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.

Dung beetles were initially introduced in the late 1960s with a view to controlling buffalo flies by removing the dung within a day or two and so preventing flies from breeding. However, other benefits have become evident. Once the beetle larvae have finished pupation, the residue is a first-rate source of fertiliser. The tunnels abandoned by the beetles provide excellent aeration and water channels for root systems. In addition, when the new generation of beetles has left the nest the abandoned burrows are an attractive habitat for soil-enriching earthworms. The digested dung in these burrows is an excellent food supply for the earthworms, which decompose it further to provide essential soil nutrients. If it were not for the dung beetle, chemical fertiliser and dung would be washed by rain into streams and rivers before it could be absorbed into the hard earth, polluting water courses and causing blooms of blue-green algae. Without the beetles to dispose of the dung, cow pats would litter pastures making grass inedible to cattle and depriving the soil of sunlight. Australia’s 30 million cattle each produce 10-12 cow pats a day. This amounts to 1.7 billion tonnes a year, enough to smother about 110,000 sq km of pasture, half the area of Victoria.

Dung beetles have become an integral part of the successful management of dairy farms in Australia over the past few decades. A number of species are available from the CSIRO or through a small number of private breeders, most of whom were entomologists with the CSIRO’s dung beetle unit who have taken their specialised knowledge of the insect and opened small businesses in direct competition with their former employer.

Glossary

1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals

2. cow pats: droppings of cows

Questions

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Bush flies are easier to control than buffalo flies.
2. Four thousand species of dung beetle were initially brought to Australia by the CSIRO.
3. Dung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen-year period.
4. At least twenty-six of the introduced species have become established in Australia.
5. The dung beetles cause an immediate improvement to the quality of a cow pasture.

Questions 6-8

Label the tunnels on the diagram below.

Choose your labels from the box below the diagram.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

 

6. _____
7. _____
8. _____

Dung Beetle Types
French	Spanish
Mediterranean	South African
Australian native	South African ball roller

Questions 9-13

Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9—13 on your answer sheet.

Species	Size	Preferred Climate	Complementary Species	Start of Active period	Number of generations per year
French	2.5 cm	Cool	Spanish	Late spring	1-2
Spanish	1.25 cm	9_____		10____	11____
South African ball roller		12_____	13_____

A Remarkable Beetle Reading Answers with Explanation

1. Not Given

Explanation: Bush flies and buffalo flies are mentioned in the second paragraph of the passage. But, the comparison between them is not made in the passage. Hence, the answer is Not Given. 

2. No

Explanation: In the third paragraph, you can see the following line: “Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia.” In the question, it is mentioned that 4000 species of dung beetle are brought to Australia by the CSIRO. But, in the passage, only 50 different species are mentioned. Therefore, the answer is NO. 

3. Yes

Explanation: In the third paragraph, “Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia” is mentioned. Between 1968 and 1982 means fourteen year period. It agrees with the information in the question statement. Hence, the answer is Yes.

4. Yes

Explanation: A line from the third Paragraph: “Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary”. This line agrees with the information of the fourth question. So, the answer is Yes.

5. No

Explanation: Fourth Paragraph line: “In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious”.  It means it takes a long time (three or four years) to improve the quality of a cow pasture. Therefore, the answer is No.

6. South African

Explanation: Fifth Paragraph line: “South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat”. This line itself justifies the answer: South African

7. French

Explanation: You can find the answer in the fifth paragraph: “Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat”. Hence, the answer is, French

8. Spanish

Explanation: 5th Paragraph Line: “The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit\ from the branches of a pear tree.” The Answer is Spanish.

9. Temperate

Explanation: 6th paragraph line: “…the large French species (2.5 cms long) is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species.”  Answer is temperature

10. Early spring Not Spring

Explanation: A line from the sixth paragraph: “The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually”.  In this line, you can find the answer, early spring. Do not answer merely spring. 

11. 2-5//two to five

Explanation: Again from the sixth paragraph: “The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually”.  The Answer is 2-5 or two-five. 

12. sub-tropical

Explanation: In paragraph no. 6: “The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species”. Answer is sub-tropical

13. South African tunneling/tunnelling/tunneler/tunneller

Explanation: Again from paragraph 6: “The South African ball-rolling species, being a subtropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species”. Hence, the answer is South African Tunnelling.

Also, check 

• Reading Passage 2: The role of governments in environmental management

• Reading Passage 3: The concept of role theory