Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA Reading Answers

Here we have given the Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA reading practice and answers with explanation. It has 13 questions in 3 different types of question forms- 5 questions as locating the information, 3 questions as multiple choice and 5 questions as sentence completion form.

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Table of contents:

• Solution for Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA
• Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA IELTS reading practice test
• Passage
• Questions
• Answers with explanations

Solution for Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA

We have given the Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA reading answers, in the table given below.

Answer Table

14. B	17. E	20. C	23. Nutrients	26. Rare
15. A	18. B	21. C	24. Cavities
16. C	19. B	22. Fire	25. Hawthorn

Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA IELTS Reading Practice Test

In this article we have given the Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA IELTS reading answers, it will help you to attain a band score in your major exam. Go through the given passage carefully and answer the given questions. 

Passage

We have given Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA reading answers with location. Before answering the question, read the passage completely.

Forest Management in Pennsylvania USA

How managing low-quality wood (also known as low-use wood) for bioenergy can encourage sustainable forest management

A. A tree’s ‘value’ depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a woodworker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art.

B. In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests. Some people even call these ‘junk trees’, and they are abundant in Pennsylvania. These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of a stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood energy markets help promote this.

C. Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most wood used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat or electricity through combustion. Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities, many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce electricity. Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. All these products are made primarily from low-use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could greatly improve the long-term quality of a forest, focus strongly or solely on the use of wood for those markets.

D. One such approach is called a Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) Cut. In a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down to allow more space, light, and other resources to the highest-valued stems that remain. Removing invasive plants might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The stems that are left behind might then grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wildlife; they have a better chance to regenerate in a less crowded environment. TSI Cuts can be tailored to one farmer’s specific management goals for his or her land.

E. Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem. They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak.

F. A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more.

G. Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. However, it is important to remember that some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important. The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. They help control problem insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest. It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity.

Questions

Questions 14-18

• Reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
• Which paragraph contains the following information?
• Write the correct letter A-G, in boxed 14-18 on your answer sheet.
• NB you may use any letter more than once.

14. Bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward
15. Reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth.
16. Mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles.
17. Examples of insects that attack trees.
18. An alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood.

Questions 19-21

• Look at the following purpose (questions 19-21) and list of timber cuts below.
• Match each purpose with the correct timber cut A,B orC.
• Write the correct letter A,B or C. in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet
• NB you may use any letter more than once.

19.  To remove trees that are diseased
20. To generate income across a number of years.
21. To create a forest whose trees are close in age.

List of timber cuts

1. A TSI cut
2. A Salvage cut
3. A Shelterwood cut

Questions 22-26

• Complete the sentence below.
• Choose one word only from the passage for each answer.
• Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

22. Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of _____________
23. The __________ from the tops of cut trees can help improve soil quality.
24. Some damaged trees should be left, as their__________ provide habitats for a range of creatures.
25. Some trees that are small, such as ___________ are a source of food for animals and insects.
26. Any trees that are __________ should be left to grow, as they add to the variety of species in the forest.

Answers for Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA

We have given Forest Management In Pennsylvania USA reading answers with explanations, It will help you to identify your mistakes in the answering process.     

(Note: The text in italics mentions the location and referring lines written in the reading passage)

14. Answer: B

Explanation: In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests. Some people even call these ‘junk trees’, and they are abundant in Pennsylvania. The given answer is located in the 1-5 lines of paragraph B. 

15. Answer: A

Explanation: A large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. The given answer is located in the 3-6 lines of paragraph A. 

16. Answer: C

Explanation: Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. The given answer is located in the 6-7 lines of paragraph C.

17. Answer: E

Explanation: With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. The given answer is located in the 2-4 lines of paragraph E

18. Answer: B

Explanation: This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests. Some people even call these ‘junk trees’. The given answer is located in the 3-5 lines of paragraph B. 

19. Answer: B

Explanation: Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem. The given answer is located in the 1-6 lines of paragraph E. 

20. Answer: C

Explanation:  It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more. The given answer is located in the last 2 lines of paragraph F.

21. Answer: C

Explanation: A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. The given answer is located in the first 4 lines of paragraph F. 

22. Answer: Fire

Explanation: Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. The given answer is located in the first 2 lines of paragraph G.

23. Answer: Nutrients

Explanation: The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. The given answer is located in the 3-4 lines of paragraph G.

24. Answer: Cavities

Explanation:  In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. The given answer is located in the 4-5 lines of paragraph G.

25. Answer: Hawthorn

Explanation: For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. The given answer is located in the 8-9 lines of paragraph G.

26. Answer: Rare

Explanation:  Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity. The given answer is located in the last 2 lines of paragraph G. 

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