Back to the Future Skyscraper Design Reading Answers

The Back to the Future Skyscraper Design practice test is taken IELTS Academic(ac) Cambridge 14 Reading Test 2. It has 13 questions of two different question types.

Table of contents:

• Solution for Back to the Future Skyscraper Design
• Back to the Future Skyscraper Design IELTS Reading Practice Test
• Passage
• Questions
• Answers with Explanations

Solution for Back to the Future Skyscraper Design 

The table below contains the Back to the Future Skyscraper Design Reading Answers. Use them to evaluate your performance and correct all mistakes.

Answer Table

1. F	2. C	3. E	4. D
5. B	6. design(s)	7. pathogens	8. tuberculosis
9. wards	10. communal	11. public	12. miasmas
13. cholera

Back to the Future Skyscraper Design IELTS Reading Practice Test - Exam Review 

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By using the Black to the Future Skyscraper Design IELTS reading practice test you will be able to test your reading skills and evaluate your performance. You should spend 20 minutes on this passage. Highlight the important keywords, which may help you in solving the questions. Read the question instructions before answering the questions.

Passage

You are provided with the Back to the Future Skyscraper Design reading passage here. Read the passage carefully before answering the questions.

Back to the Future Skyscraper Design

Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries

1. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths, and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.‘The crisis in building design is already here,’ said Short. ‘Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can’t. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.’
2. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed – to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the ‘life support’ system of vast air conditioning units.
   Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.
3. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air-conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates are spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel, and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
4. Short’s book highlights the developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
   ‘We spent three years digitally modeling Billings’ final designs,’ says Short. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
5. ‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
   Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’
   Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
6. Much of the ingenuity present in the 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamoring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – the toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
   While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
7. Today, huge amounts of a building’s space and construction costs are given over to air conditioning. ‘But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.
   ‘To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.’
8. Successful examples of Short’s approach include the Queen’s Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled, and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
   Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modeling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
9. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago – built with natural ventilation assisted by backup air conditioning – which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
   Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices, and homes of the future. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.

Questions

Questions 1 - 5
Reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A - I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A - I, in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet.

1. why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century
2. a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige
3. a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modern standards
4. how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building
5. an implication that advertising led to a large increase in the use of air conditioning

Questions 6 - 13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6 - 13 on your answer sheet. 

Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wards

Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19.___________ of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20.____________ in the air coming from patients suffering form 21.____________ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22.____________ in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23._____________ areas.
A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the 24.______________ for protection against bad air, known as 25.___________. These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26._____________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.

Answers for Back to the Future Skyscraper Design with Explanations

The Back to the Future Skyscraper Design reading answers with explanations are given below to you. These will help you analyze your performance and mistakes.

1. Answer: F
Location: Paragraph F, 7th Line
Explanation: Paragraph F, 7th Line. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals. The affluent people steered clear of hospitals because they feared being infected by the germs in the air there and falling ill. Hence, the answer is F.

2. Answer: C
Location: Paragraph C, 5th Line
Explanation: Paragraph C, 5th Line. Short regards glass, steel, and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements. He implied that skyscrapers are the symbol of one’s status. It symbolized one’s prestige.

3. Answer: E
Location: Paragraph E, 1st Line
Explanation: Paragraph E, 1st Line. ‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. In this paragraph, the author has discussed the air circulation system in the 19th-century wards and the modern-day wards. Hence, the answer is E.

4. Answer: D
Location: Paragraph D, 7th Line
Explanation: Paragraph D, 7th Line. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm. Here Alan Short explained how they inserted pathogens in airstreams to check whether a patient with tuberculosis coughing in the ward, will affect the others or not.

5. Answer: B
Location: Paragraph B, 4th Line
Explanation: Paragraph B, 4th Line. Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors. Professor Short explained here that air-conditioning systems were advertised relentlessly and aggressively, which led to an increase in the use of air-conditioners.

6. Answer: design(s)
Location: Paragraph D, 3rd Line
Explanation: Paragraph D, 3rd Line. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889). Professor Short has highlighted John’s designs were used as they ensured highly ventilated hospital wards.

7. Answer: pathogens
Location: Paragraph D, 7th Line
Explanation: Paragraph D, 7th Line. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm. 

8. Answer: tuberculosis
Location: Paragraph D, 7th Line
Explanation: Paragraph D, 7th Line. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm. 

9. Answer: wards
Location: Paragraph E, 1st Line
Explanation: Paragraph E, 1st Line. ‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre.

10. Answer: communal
Location: Paragraph E, 5th Line
Explanation: Paragraph E, 5th Line. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

11. Answer: public
Location: Paragraph F, 1st Line
Explanation: Paragraph F, 1st Line. Much of the ingenuity present in the 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamoring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – the toxic air that spread disease. The public was panicking as they were scared of miasmas which were lethal and deadly. Hence, the ventilation system of the hospital was made as per the public’s requirement.

12. Answer: miasmas
Location: Paragraph F, 1st Line
Explanation: Paragraph F, 1st Line. Much of the ingenuity present in the 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamoring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – the toxic air that spread disease. The disease is considered to be lethal and deadly, which made people panic and hysterical. 

13. Answer: cholera
Location: Paragraph F, 4th Line
Explanation: Paragraph F, 4th Line. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s.

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