Contaminating the Arctic Reading Answers

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Solution for: Contaminating the Arctic

1. Not given	5. True	9. Originating	13. Unknown
2. False	6. False	10. Ice cores
3. True	7. False	11. Darkness
4. Not given	8. Centain	12. Sea

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• IELTS Reading true/false/not given
• IELTS Reading note completion
• IELTS Reading short answer questions

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IELTS Reading Passage - Contaminating the Arctic

The passage Contaminating the Arctic Reading Answers can be found beneath the cut. You can read the questions first, then the passage, and then mark the answers as you go.

Contaminating the Arctic

Our perception of the Arctic region is that its distance from industrial centers keeps it pristine and clear from the impact of pollution. However, the Arctic is the recipient of contaminants whose sources are thousands of miles away through a process known as transboundary pollution. Large quantities of pollutants pour into our atmosphere, as well as our lakes, rivers, and oceans on a daily basis. In the last two decades, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture, chemicals and heavy metals from industry, and even radioactive fall-out from Chernobyl. These are substances that have invaded ecosystems virtually worldwide, but they are especially worrisome in the Arctic.
Initially, Chemical spills were primarily attributed for Arctic contamination which were also believed to be “small and confined”. Pollutants from all across the world are now considered to be transferred north by rivers, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation. Moreover, Contaminants break down significantly more slowly in the Arctic than in warmer climates due to harsh conditions such as reduced sunlight, extensive ice cover, and frigid temperatures. Due to their lengthened lifespan in the Arctic, contaminants can also become significantly concentrated.
Problems of spring run-off into coastal waters during the growth period of marine life are of critical concern. Spring algae blooms easily, absorbing the concentrated contaminants released by spring melting. These algae are in turn eaten by zooplankton and a wide variety of marine life. The accumulation of these contaminants increases with each step of the food chain or web and can potentially affect northerners who eat marine mammals near the top of the food chain. Pollutants respect no borders; transboundary pollution is the movement of contaminants across political borders, whether by air, rivers, or ocean currents. The eight circumpolar nations, led by the Finnish Initiative of 1989, established the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in which participants have agreed to develop an Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP).  AMAP establishes an international scientific network to monitor the current condition of the Arctic with respect to specific contaminants. This monitoring program is extremely important because it will give a scientific basis for understanding the scope of the problem.
In the 1950s, during the springtime bands of haze were reported by pilots traveling on weather reconnaissance flights in the Canadian high Arctic. During this period, the term "Arctic haze" was first used, referring to this mist of uncertain origin. Dr. Glenn Shaw of the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska was the first to put forth theories on the nature and long-distance origin of Arctic haze in 1972. The notion that the source was distant was difficult for many to support. Each winter, air that is frigid and dense descends over the Arctic. Mid-latitude emissions from fossil fuel combustion, smelting, and other industrial operations seem to be accumulating in the Arctic in the darkness, causing an increase in pollution. By late winter, the Arctic has been blanketed in a layer of this haze the size of Africa. When spring light arrives in the Arctic, there is a haze that resembles smog, which gives the region an appearance of pollution over places like Los Angeles. This polluted air is a well-known and well-distinctive feature of the late winter Arctic environment. In the Arctic of North America, instances of brown or black snow have been linked to continental storm tracks that transport gaseous and particulate-associated contaminations from Asian deserts and agricultural regions. The contaminants are now thought to have originated primarily in Europe and Asia.
Arctic haze has been studied most extensively in Point Barrow, Alaska, across the Canadian Arctic and in Svalbard (Norway). Evidence from ice cores drilled from the ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century. The Arctic haze particles appear to be similar to smog particles observed in industrial areas farther south, consisting mostly of sulfates mixed with particles of carbon. It is believed the particles are formed when gaseous sulfur dioxide produced by burning sulfur-bearing coal is irradiated by sunlight and oxidized to sulfate, a process catalyzed by trace elements in the air. These sulfate particles or droplets of sulfuric acid quickly capture the carbon particles, which are also floating in the air. Pure sulfate particles or droplets are colorless, so it is believed the darkness of the haze is caused by the mixed-in carbon particles
The impact of the haze on Arctic ecosystems and the global environment, has not been adequately researched. The pollutants have only been studied in their aerosol form over the Arctic. However, a brief is known about what eventually happens to them. It is known that they are removed somehow. There is a good degree of likelihood that the contaminants end up in the ocean, likely into the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea and possibly the Bering Sea — all three very important fisheries.
Currently, the major issue among researchers is to understand the impact of Arctic haze on global climate change. The contaminants absorb sunlight and, in turn, heat up the atmosphere. The global impact of this is currently unknown but the implications are quite powerful.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE               if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this

1. Arctic pollution can sometimes resemble US urban pollution.
2. The AEPS has set up scientific stations in the Arctic to monitor pollution
3. Research has shown that aerosol arctic pollutants remain in the air indefinitely.
4. Arctic conditions mean that the breakdown of pollutants is much accelerated
5. Pollution absorbed by Arctic algae can eventually affect humans.

Also check the IELTS reading true/false/not given.

Questions 6-11

Fill in the blanks in the Arctic Haze summary below.
Fill in the blanks in boxes 21-26 on your response sheet with your answers from the box below the summary.

NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all

Example

Answer
............................. that the origins of spring, arctic haze,

Theories
first seen over the ice cap...(eg) ______________________ that the origins of spring, arctic haze, first seen over the ice cap in the 1950s, came from far away were at first not (6) _______________ _______. This haze is a smog formed in the dark, arctic winter by pollution delivered to the Arctic by storms (7) ______________________ in Europe and Asia. It is known to be a recent phenomenon as proof from (8) ______________________ shows it only starting to occur in the 20th Century. The smog consists of sulfates and carbon, the latter creating the (9) ______________________ of the haze. Due to lack of research, the final destination of the pollution is unknown but it probably ends up in the (10) ______________________ and therefore into the food chain. Scientists are presently more worried about the (11) ______________________ effect it has on climate change. 

density	Unknown	darkness	gasses	accepted
terrible	originating	dissipating	air	birdlife
burning	theories	destroying	certain	valid
decided	agriculture	ice cores	sea

Also check the IELTS reading note completion.

Questions 12 and 13

Answer the questions below. 

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

12. During which era, the term “Arctic Haze” was firstly used?
13. Initially, what was the primary attribution  for Arctic contamination ?
 

Also check the IELTS reading short answer question.

Contaminating the Arctic IELTS Reading Answers with explanations.

This section contains Contaminating the Arctic reading answers with explanations. To assess your performance, look over the correct answers.

1  Answer: False

Keywords: Not always present; appear only in the last century

Explanation: “Evidence from ice cores drilled from the ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century.” This suggests that the Evidence that this smog has only occurred in the 20th Century (the last century) was found from the ice sheet of Greenland and not from the polar ice caps.

2 Answer: True

Keywords: smog-like haze; look like pollution

Explanation: “When the spring light arrives in the Arctic, there is a smog-like haze, which makes the region, at times, look like pollution over such cities as Los Angeles.” This suggests that the pollution of LA (US urban city) is similar to that of the Arctic haze (smog-like). 

3  Answer: False

Keywords: aerosol removed somehow; do not remain in the air

Explanation: “The pollutants have only been studied in their aerosol form over the Arctic. However, little is known about what eventually happens to them. It is known that they are removed somehow.” This suggests that the aerosol arctic pollutants do not remain in the air indefinitely and are rather removed somehow. 

4  Answer: True

Keywords: spring algae bloom; eaten by zooplankton and other marine lives; accumulation of these contaminants increases

Explanation: “Spring algae bloom easily, absorbing the concentrated contaminants released by spring melting. These algae are in turn eaten by zooplankton and a wide variety of marine life. The accumulation of these contaminants increases with each step of the food chain or web and can potentially affect northerners who eat marine mammals near the top of the food chain.” This suggests that the contaminants consumed/absorbed by the algae eventually reach the topmost level of the food chain and hence, affect human beings (as human beings are the eventual consumers of the marine food chain).

5  Answer: Not Given

Keywords: Not Available

Explanation: There is no such reference given in the passage where the AEPS has set up scientific stations in the Arctic to monitor pollution.

6 Answer: CERTAIN

Keywords: origin was unknown; unestablished

Explanation: “In the 1950s, pilots traveling on weather reconnaissance flights in the Canadian high Arctic reported seeing bands of haze in the springtime in the Arctic region. It was during this time that the term “Arctic haze” was first used, referring to this smog of unknown origin.” This suggests that at the time of the observation of the Arctic haze, its origin was unknown and unestablished. Therefore, the origin was not certain.

7 Answer: ORIGINATING

Keywords: contaminants; largely from Europe and Asia

Explanation: “It is now known that the contaminants originate largely from Europe and Asia.” It suggests that the pollutants and the contaminants of the Arctic region chiefly originate from Europe and Asia.

8 Answer: ICE CORES

Keywords: evidence; drilled from the ice sheet

Explanation: “Evidence from ice cores drilled from the ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century.” This suggests that the origin of the Arctic haze was determined by investigating and studying the ice core taken out from the ice sheet.

9 Answer: DARKNESS

Keywords: particles or droplets are colorless; caused by the mixed-in carbon particles

Explanation: “These sulfate particles or droplets of sulfuric acid quickly capture the carbon particles, which are also floating in the air. Pure sulfate particles or droplets are colorless, so it is believed the darkness of the haze is caused by the mixed-in carbon particles.” This clearly explains the reason behind the darkness of the Arctic haze, and that is due to carbon particles being entrapped by the sulfates. 

10 Answer: SEA

Keywords: contaminants end up; North Atlantic; the Norwegian Sea; the Bering Sea

Explanation: “There is a good degree of likelihood that the contaminants end up in the ocean, likely into the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea, and possibly the Bering Sea — all three very important fisheries.” This suggests that as per the speculations, the contaminants end up getting into the sea and that’s how they are removed.

11 Answer: UNKNOWN

Keywords: global impact; implications are quite powerful

Explanation: “The global impact of this is currently unknown but the implications are quite powerful.” This line clearly suggests that the impact of the Arctic haze is yet to be discovered and investigated and the effect on the environment is unknown.

12 Answer: Springtime bands

Keywords: In the 1950s; weather reconnaissance flights

Explanation:”In the 1950s, during the springtime bands of haze were reported by pilots traveling on weather reconnaissance flights in the Canadian high Arctic. During this period, the term "Arctic haze" was first used, referring to this mist of uncertain origin”.It was given in this line that the term “Arctic haze” was firstly used during the springtime bands. 

13 Answer: Chemical spills

Keywords: primarily attributed; Artic contamination

Explanation: It was mentioned in the line that “Chemical spills were primarily attributed to Arctic contamination.” 

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