Learning by Examples Reading Answers

Learning by examples reading answers from the Cambridge practice tests are given below.

Solution for Learning By Examples

Ans 1: D	Ans 5: FALSE	Ans 9: less	Ans 13: Nutcracker
Ans 2: A	Ans 6: TRUE	Ans 10: social
Ans 3: C	Ans 7: TRUE	Ans 11: watched
Ans 4: E	Ans 8: FALSE	Ans 12: observer

To gain confidence in the reading module, many students practiced the test and checked learning by examples reading answers offered by Cambridge. IELTS reading is one of the four modules in the IELTS test, where students need to demonstrate their reading proficiency in English. 

Test-takers must go through all 14 IELTS reading question types as given on the IELTS official website. In this learning by examples reading answers articles, they can learn three difficult question types by exploring the easy tricks and strategies. So let’s get started.

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Learning By Examples Reading Answers with Location

The IELTS reading passage for learning by examples reading answers is given below. The questions in the passage are highlighted in such a way that you must understand the learning by examples reading answers with location.

Learning By Examples

A. Learning Theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scien­tist who discovered and documented the principles governing Q2. how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s. Two basic kinds of learning or condi­tioning occur, one of which is famously known as the classical conditioning. Classical conditioning happens when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog's ability to associate the sound of a bell (something that originally has no meaning to the dog) with the presentation of food (something that has a lot of meaning to the dog) a few moments later. Dogs are able to learn the association between bell and food, and will salivate im­mediately after hearing the bell once this connection has been made. Years of learning research have led to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what cir­cumstances most any animal will learn, including human beings, and eventu­ally help people figure out how to change their behaviours.
 
B. Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in re­cent years very interesting research has been done on learning by examples in other animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught very much in terms of classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we allow animals to learn and not enough on how they are equipped to learn. To teach a course of mine, I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting and accessible compilation of papers on Q10. social learning in mammals, including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef (1996).
 
C. The research reported in one paper started with Q5. a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started Q5. with no weighty theoretical intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones. Q3. The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat,(Rattus rattus), and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, Q6. in sequence from base to top following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.
 
D. Q8. Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experienced cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross-fostered by stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas in­fants of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother. Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed; Q1. rather like Q7. our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on. In the case of rats, the young­sters take cones away from the mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to acquire the complete stripping skill.
 
E. A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but Q4. let’s see the economies. This was determined by measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate energetic cost and compar­ing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by calorimeter. The cost proved to be Q9. less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.
 
F. A paper in 1996, Animal Behaviour by Bednekoff and Baida, provides a differ­ent view of the adaptiveness of social learning. It concerns the seed caching behaviour of Clark's Q13. Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) and the Mexican Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). The former is a specialist, caching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter; the Mexican Jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the Nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure: the Nutcracker being rather solitary while the Jay forages in social groups.
 
G. The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while Q11. watched by an Q12. observer bird perched in a cage. Two days later, cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against an estimated random performance. In the role of cacher, not only the Nutcracker but also the less specialised Jay performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay obser­vers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the Nutcracker is highly adapted at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexican Jay is more adept at remembering, and so exploiting, the caches of others.

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Learning By Examples Reading Questions

Questions 1 - 4

The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G Which paragraph contains the following information? 
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1. A comparison between rats’ learning and human learning
Answer: D [Locate]
 
2. A reference to the earliest study in animal learning
Answer: A [Locate]
 
3. The discovery of who stripped the pine cone
Answer: C [Locate]
 
4. A description of a cost-effectiveness experiment
Answer: E [Locate]

Also Read: IELTS Reading Locating Information

Questions 5 - 8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage. 
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
 
5. The field trip to Israel was to investigate how black rats learn to strip pine cones.
Answer: FALSE [Locate]
 
6. The pine cones were stripped from bottom to top by black rats.
Answer: TRUE [Locate]
 
7. It can be learned from other relevant experiences to use a photocopier.
Answer: TRUE [Locate]
 
8. Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.
Answer: FALSE [Locate]

Also Read: IELTS Reading TRUE-FALSE-NOT GIVEN

Questions 9 - 13

Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

While the Nutcracker is more able to cache seed, the Jay relies 9 ……………………… 
Answer: less [Locate]
 
on caching food and is thus less specialised in this ability, but more 10 ………………………

Answer: social [Locate]
 
To study their behaviour of caching and finding their caches, an experiment was designed and carried out to test these two birds for their ability to remember where they hid the seeds. In the experiment, the catcher bird hid seeds in the ground while the other 11 ……………………… 
Answer: watched [Locate]
 
As a result, the Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay showed different performance in the role of 12 ……………………… 
Answer: observer [Locate]
 
at finding the seeds—observing 13 ……………………… didn’t do as well as its counterpart.
Answer: Nutcracker [Locate]

Also Read: IELTS Reading Summary Completion

Learning by Examples Reading Answers with Explanations

Below are the learning by examples reading answers with explanations. You must read each answer separately and understand how to identify the correct answer. 
 
1. Answer: D 
Keywords: Rather like
Explanation - Experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed; rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on.
 
2. Answer: A
Keywords: How animals (humans included) learn
Explanation - Learning Theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scien­tist who discovered and documented the principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s.
 
3. Answer: C
Keywords: The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat
Explanation - The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat, (Rattus rattus), and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to top following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.
 
4. Answer: E
Keywords: let’s see the economies
Explanation: A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let’s see the economies.
 
5. Answer: FALSE
Keywords: a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest
Explanation - The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central core.
 
6. Answer: TRUE
Keywords: in sequence from base to top
Explanation - The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat,(Rattus rattus), and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to top following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.
 
7. Answer: TRUE
Keywords: our new photocopier; how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on
Explanation - Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed; rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on.
 
8. Answer: FALSE
Keywords: lack the skill; unable to learn it.
Explanation - Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experienced cone strippers.
 
9. Answer: less
Keyword: less
Explanation - The cost proved to be less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.
 
10. Answer: social
Keyword: social
Explanation - To teach a course of mine, I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting and accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals, including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef (1996).
 
11. Answer: watched
Keyword: watched
Explanation - The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage.
 
12. Answer: observer
Keyword: observer
Explanation - The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage.
 
13. Answer: Nutcracker
Keyword: Nutcracker
Explanation - It concerns the seed caching behaviour of Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) and the Mexican Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina).

Check the other reading passages

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Conclusion

Students aspiring to get the highest band score on the IELTS reading test must analyse the "learning by examples reading answers" to check their answering and comprehension level. It gives tough questions to make you competitive and achieve your desired score.